The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in Stockholm on Monday.

Scientists Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance,” the award-giving body said on Monday.

This year’s prize “relates to how we keep our immune system under control so we can fight all imaginable microbes and still avoid autoimmune disease,” said Marie Wahren-Herlenius, a rheumatology professor at the Karolinska Institute.

The winners for medicine are selected by the Nobel Assembly of Sweden’s Karolinska Institute medical university and receive a prize sum of 11 million Swedish crowns ($1.2 million), as well as a gold medal presented by Sweden’s king.

Brunkow and Ramsdell are based in the

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