Stockholm: The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded jointly to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discovery of peripheral immune tolerance, a mechanism that prevents the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells, the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institutet announced on Monday.

The trio’s work revealed how a specific group of immune cells, called regulatory T cells (Tregs), keep the immune system in check and prevent autoimmune diseases. Their discovery has transformed the understanding of how immune tolerance operates beyond the thymus and paved the way for new therapies in autoimmune disorders, cancer, and organ transplantation. ADVERTISEMENT

Brunkow and Ramsdell, while studying a fatal autoimmune condit

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