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Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance. The laureates identified the immune system’s “security guards” — the regulatory T cells — laying the foundation for a new field of research and opening new frontiers for medical treatments.

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Understanding the Immune System | The immune system must differentiate between “self” (non-infected cells) and “non-self” (infected or foreign cells). If it fails to do so, it can attack the body’s own tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases. T cells are a category of immune cells that include helper T cells, killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells play a critical role in defense by monitoring f

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