As air pollution levels surge across cities worldwide, the toll on human respiratory health has become increasingly evident. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone infiltrate the lungs, trigger inflammation, and impair immune defence mechanisms. This weakening of respiratory integrity has been linked to a heightened vulnerability to bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Streptococcus pneumonia e, a pathogen responsible for pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. With pollution-related lung damage on the rise, pneumococcal infections are no longer just a medical issue but an environmental health concern. In this changing landscape, the pneumococcal vaccine emerges as a crucial shield, one that can reduce infection risk and protect communities against the com

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