The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) modernises India’s law of evidence, including the long standing principle that when a fact or agreement is recorded in a document, oral statements cannot be used to contradict or vary it. This rule, contained in the provisions on exclusion of oral evidence by documentary evidence, reinforces the primacy of written and electronic records in proving the terms of transactions and arrangements.

When the terms of a contract, grant, or other disposition of property have been reduced to a document, can oral evidence be given to prove those terms?

No. When the terms of a contract, grant, or any other disposition of property have been reduced to the form of a document, and whenever any matter is required by law to be documented, no evidence may be given

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