Canadians are increasingly aware of the influence American tech companies have on their digital lives. In April, Microsoft confirmed that U.S. law can supersede foreign privacy protections, even for data stored outside the United States. This means that if Canadian data is hosted by companies like Microsoft, Amazon, or Google, it may be accessible to U.S. authorities.

Guillaume Beaumier, an assistant professor of political science and international studies at École nationale d’administration publique (ENAP) in Quebec City, emphasizes the need for Canada to prioritize its digital sovereignty. In a recent article, he argues that Canada has become overly reliant on U.S. cloud providers and technology infrastructure, which could jeopardize its economic control, governance, and security in the digital age.

Beaumier explains that digital sovereignty can be defined in various ways. It encompasses the Canadian government's ability to regulate its digital ecosystem and influence how companies operate. It also involves economic independence, allowing Canada to produce digital services for its citizens without relying on foreign entities. Furthermore, national security is a critical aspect; dependence on other countries for digital services can leave Canada vulnerable during crises.

The urgency of addressing digital sovereignty has grown. For years, the U.S. has maintained control over global digital infrastructure, with many essential services provided by American companies. This reliance has been problematic, especially as geopolitical tensions rise. Beaumier notes that countries like Russia and China have exploited their control over digital ecosystems, raising concerns about surveillance and interference.

The situation became more pronounced during the Trump administration, which adopted a more aggressive stance toward traditional allies, increasing their insecurity about dependence on the U.S.

Beaumier identifies significant gaps in Canada’s digital sovereignty. He argues that Canada lacks the capacity to operate independently from American companies. Most social media platforms and data centers in Canada are either American-owned or located in the U.S. The Canadian government has struggled to enforce regulations on these platforms, often backing down from imposing digital service taxes due to the influence of American companies.

The risks of continued reliance on U.S.-based cloud providers are substantial. In times of crisis, these companies could leverage their position against the Canadian government, threatening to withdraw services. Beaumier cites the example of Meta blocking news content in response to revenue-sharing demands, which has negatively impacted Canada's media landscape. During emergencies, such as forest fires, access to critical information could also be compromised.

To address these challenges, Beaumier suggests that Canada should develop a strategy to invest in national digital ecosystems, reducing reliance on American firms. He advocates for stronger regulations on big tech companies to ensure they contribute to the Canadian economy. Promoting open-source software in public administration could also help diminish dependence on large tech firms.

He believes that government investment in Canadian-owned data centers and the development of artificial intelligence could bolster the country's digital capabilities. As Canada embarks on significant national infrastructure projects, now is an opportune time to enhance its digital sovereignty.

Balancing digital sovereignty with global competitiveness is crucial. Beaumier stresses the importance of remaining open to valuable services from the U.S. and other countries while ensuring Canada has the resilience to function independently during crises.