When I think about artificial intelligence gone wrong, the first image that comes to mind is the unblinking red eye of HAL 9000, the AI from “2001: A Space Odyssey.” HAL was designed to assist humans, but when his logic conflicted with his programming, he made a chilling decision: eliminate the crew. “I’m sorry, Dave,” he says coldly, “I’m afraid I can’t do that.”

That fictional warning from 1968 is starting to feel real here in 2025. AI can now make decisions today about who gets a mortgage, which job candidates are interviewed, what content our kids are exposed to online — and who might fall through the cracks. The risks are no longer science fiction.

That’s why Colorado passed the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act (CAIA), aiming to prevent algorithmic discrimination and ensure

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