In the early hours of September 10, swarms of Russian drones violated Polish airspace nineteen times. It was a sweeping overnight series of incursions that European leaders now describe as a deliberate provocation, and escalation of the Kremlin’s war on Ukraine.

NATO forces, including Dutch fighter jets, scrambled to intercept the aerial threats. It marked the first known instance in which the alliance engaged hostile objects inside its own territory. Polish officials quickly invoked Article 4 of the NATO treaty, launching emergency consultations among allied members and thrusting the continent into its most precarious moment since the invasion of Ukraine began in 2022.

The drone swarms, portions of which originated from Belarus, crossed deep into Polish territory, with debris discovered

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