I n India, a vast, multi-hazard country, a multi-faceted approach is essential to deal with heat-related issues and extreme rainfall events. The Home Ministry (MHA) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) oversee not only the post-disaster, but also the pre-disaster phases, using the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction of 2016 as guiding principles.

Disaster risk reduction

In 2021, the 15th Finance Commission adopted a nuanced approach to disaster risk reduction (DRR), aligning public finances with technological and practical advances, and allocated ₹2.28 lakh crore ($30 billion) over its five-year term. It broadened the focus from just post-disaster relief to include prevention, mitigation, preparedness, capacity building, and post-disaster recons

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