As agroforestry declines in Indonesia’s Flores, a traditional ecological lexicon fades with it

In the cool highlands of Indonesia’s Flores Island, where mist settles over rice fields and coffee gardens, the Manggarai people have cultivated a close relationship with the forest. Their land is known as the rice granary of East Nusa Tenggara province, but it also produces cacao, vanilla and other crops that sustain families and the wider region. For generations, Manggarai farmers practiced agroforestry: cultivating diverse crops at the forest’s edge and blending agriculture with biodiversity conservation. These practices were carried in language. Words described not only crops and tools, but also the actions of harvesting, the stages of plant growth, and the sacred spaces of the forest. “It is encouraging to see how much of this traditional ecological knowledge still lives in community