The 2025 Bihar Assembly election, expected later this year, promises to be among the most closely watched political contests in India. With a 7.42 crore electorate, a complex caste landscape, and shifting alliances, Bihar exemplifies the dynamics of Indian democracy. Since the 2020 assembly polls, the state has witnessed dramatic political realignments. The NDA formed the government with Nitish Kumar as Chief Minister, only for JD(U) to quit the alliance in 2022 and join the RJD-led Mahagathbandhan. By early 2024, JD(U) returned to the NDA fold, reuniting with the BJP to form a new government. These shifts have underscored both Nitish Kumar’s centrality to state politics and the challenges of maintaining voter trust amid perceived political opportunism.

Leading up to September 25, the IND

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