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Although there are many medications to treat depression, they do not work for everyone.

For those with treatment-resistant depression, ketamine or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be effective — and new research has found that these work by triggering adenosine surges in the brain.

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, and therefore might reduce adenosine, but regular coffee drinking appears to protect against depression — the so-called coffee paradox.

Now, researchers are investigating how to solve this paradox — by reducing caffeine before treatment while still getting coffee’s protective effects.

According to the World Health Organization , 5.7% of all adults, some 332 million people worldwide, are affected by depression. For many, standard prescription med

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